Learning Summary (HRM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning Summary (HRM) - Essay Example Behavioral Performance Evaluation is measured by determining the quantity of exertion on the job, reliability, faithfulness, motivation, and quality of service of an individual. Goal accomplishment for short term is less preferred, whereas, long term personal growth and customer relationships and rising market share (Cascio, W; 2006) are given importance. Since goals are not quantifiable, employees cannot be compared with each other. Utilization of compulsory distributions inflicts evaluations that are wrong. Focus on employee's activities will record effectual and unproductive incidents. Evaluation of performance for individual objects and goals can be equated against other employees' performance. It depends on an employee's contribution towards the accomplishment of a unit or organization. Although this appraisal is based on short term goals, it leads towards organizational performance. Alternatively rating established on individual's conducts can help the individual's growth but w ill be subjective and lengthy. Evaluation of a workers' job on attitude, behavior and personality are important in their growth within the organization. The results on objectives are not the capacity of the individual, for the outcome may be good or bad. When an employee works to achieve his targets he may not accomplish it due to lack of training, support, motivation etc. These factors impact on the employee's performance rating and competencies count in team work, guidance etc. They are intangible and can be divided as doing the right thing, dependability and accountability behaviors, integrity, eagerness to learn and innovate, openness to change and adaptability, quality-centric, and teamwork. Assessment on this and the feedback will help him to have the desired orientation. 3. Which career management perspective most resembles your current work place (individuals focusing on themselves, organization focus on individuals or organizations focusing on themselves) Please explain and provide some examples. Career has a crucial role to play in every employee's life. He may try every chance to succeed. The success will force him to acquire new skills. Organizations try to retain these skilled employees, so that they will leave not leave them seeking other prospects. Our organization focuses on individual's career and job satisfaction, and we are mentored and tailored to its culture and practices through apt training implemented from the start of our career. General Electric use mentoring practice of reverse mentoring, through the interaction between young subordinates with older superiors to acquire skill, and knowledge Informationsystems.and electronic commerce (Cascio, 2006). Policies of promotion and motivation aid the employees to handle their careers and ambitions. Organizations promote employees considering their performance levels. Our organization does not hire employees from outside for higher positions, so that our chances are not lost. This policy recognizes our performance an d makes us motivated. Our

The concepts of clinical governance

The concepts of clinical governance Clinical governance is defined as a system through which the health organisations are accountable for quality improvements of their services to meet the high standards of care by creating a suitable environment. The clinical governance is based on these fundamentals: Risk management. Confidentiality Staff Public involvement. Complaints investigation. Health promotion. Practice manual. Dissemination of good ideas. Quality improvement. Accountability. Clinical effectiveness, audit, evidence based practice, and policy. Risk management: Risk management is quality control related discipline and insurance comprising activities designed the adverse effects of loss upon a healthcare organisations, physical, financial assets, and human through: Claims control Loss prevention and reduction Identification of loss potential Loss funding and risk financing We have to try to establish what is actually likely to go wrong. We have to analyse and control the risk establish what can be done to reduce, minimise or eliminate it. We have to calculate the cost of getting it right as opposed to the cost of getting it wrong. Implementation of a risk management system: there are eight steps: Identify key risk areas. review past incidents. Identify key trigger events. Implement an incident reporting system. Investigate high risk events Monitor and analyse reports for trends. Implement changes if necessary. Educate and feedback. Consider a help from outside company with expertise in risk management. Other sources of help may include: The health authority The local dental committee The primary care group. Confidentiality: The principle of confidentiality is the basic to the practice in any healthcare setting. Patients attend for examination and treatment in the belief that the information that they give, will be kept secret. Health professionals are responsible to their patients with whom they are in a professional relationship, for the confidentiality of any information obtained. The fundamental principle of confidentiality is that the health professionals must not use or disclose any confidential information obtained in the course of their work other than for the clinical care of the patient to whom that information relates. Exceptions to the above are: If the patient consents. If it is in the patients own interest that information should be disclosed. If the health professional has an overriding duty to society to disclose the information If the disclosure is necessary to safeguard national security If the disclosure is necessary to prevent a serious risk to public health. Generally the consent is assumed for the necessary sharing of information with other professionals involved with the care of the patient for that episode of care and, where essential, for continuing care. Beyond this, informed consent must be obtained. The development of modern information technology and increased amount of multi-disciplinary teamwork in patient care, such as in undertaking clinical audit, make confidentiality difficult to uphold. You should tell patients whom you invite to participate in a survey in relation to audit about the standards of confidentiality. You should inform them about the extent to which their identity, contact details and information they give you is confidential to you, your work team or organisation. Be aware of your responsibilities under the Data Protection Act as to when you need to seek patient consent, (Department of Health 1998). A written confidentiality policy document should be in place for the attention of all staff in the practice. A named person should be responsible for the confidentiality policy document, this will include to monitor adherence to it and to deal with any potential or actual breaches of confidentiality. Temporary, voluntary or work experience students should all be informed of their obligations to maintain confidentiality. Managers must ensure that paper and computer security is maintained. The responsibilities of management, clerical, and administrative staff for confidentiality include: Confidentiality training for all staff. A clause about confidentiality in contracts of employment. There should be a named person with whom any member of staff can discuss difficulties with confidentiality. Physical difficulties such as lack of privacy at reception desks or being overheard answering the telephone should be reported and dealt with. Clear rules about the handling of post marked private, confidential, or personal are in place. The reasons for requests for information from patients should be explained. Only seeking the minimum of information required for the task. Shredding confidential paper records must be in place. Clear procedures for recording and storing information on paper or on computer must be in a policy document of the confidentiality in the practice. Safeguards against unauthorised access to either must be active. Levels of access to data should be clearly stated. Passwords to computer records kept confidential. Terminal security must be arranged so that an unauthorised person is unable to use an unattended terminal to access data. firewall security against unauthorised access to confidential data must be in place and active. Consent: Consent may be implied, oral, or written. Example of Implied consent is when the patient opens his mouth to allow a dentist to do an examination may be assumed to have consented to that examination. A note should be added to the patients records confirming the provision and nature of the consent when the patient consents orally. Written consents are not normally essential or a guarantee but it gives a useful document if evidence is required months or years later. Consent based on clear explanations is essential, especially in some situations such as implant placement, sedation and general anaesthesia. Patients have the right to decide whether to undergo any dental intervention, even when refusal may result in harm to them. The General Dental Council requires written consent for general anaesthesia and sedation procedures. The patient must be given sufficient information to enable them to make an informed consent. The amount of information should be given to the patient depends on a range of factors including the nature of the condition, risks and the patients wishes. Patients may need more information about procedures with high risks or with serious personal, social, or professional implications. Explanations should be given and the consent should be obtained by a knowledgeable practitioner and ideally by the practitioner carrying out the procedure. It may be appropriate for the patient to bring a friend, relative, interpreter, etc. So, we have to ensure that there is a consent form for any intrusive procedure or any other procedure where a documented record is essential or advisable. Information provided must or may include the following: Details of diagnosis and prognosis if the medical or dental condition is left untreated. The options for further investigation prior to treatment. Options for management and treatment should be explained fully to the patient including the option not to treat. Other treatment options such as pain relief should also be explained and documented. Common and serious side effects must be fully documented and explained to the patient in a way that the patient can understand and digest. All the questions raised by the patient should be answered and explained to the patient in a way that he/she can understand. Benefits The patient must be informed and documented in the consent form if the process is untested or for research purposes. Ensure a system to allow the patient to be provided with time and a copy of the consent form. Ideally the patient should discuss the matter with family, friends, etc. The consent form must be explained and interpreted to allow for understanding that serious harm does not mean that the patient would become upset or decide to refuse treatment. A referral to the patients GP for a psychiatric or psycho geriatric review to assess competence if he or she is unsure whether the patient is competent. Explanations may be enhanced by using other material such as brochures, diagnosis, photographs, etc. A patient should be given time to consider the issue before finally consenting. Consent must not be given under duress, either from family or the dentist. The patient must be made aware of any hazard which might cause his concern or to which significance would be attached. Any relevant information withheld from the patient should be recorded together with the reason for doing so. No one can provide consent on behalf of an adult, even if the person lacks the capacity to make a decision for him or herself. Just because a patient is the subject of a compulsory treatment order under a section of the Mental Health Act (1983) (or the Mental Health Act (Scotland) 1984), this does not remove the need to obtain consent for procedures which are unrelated to the mental illness. If a patient is not competent to make a decision, the practitioner may provide any investigation or treatment that he or she judges to be in the patients best interests. Children under 16 may be able to consent to investigations or treatment if they understand the nature, purpose and possible consequences of the proposed treatment and the consequences of non-treatment. They must not duffer duress from family or friend. Staff Public involvement. Staff Involvement Clinical Staff Requirements and Development General Dental Council registration. Clinical staff supervision. Continuing Professional Development requirements. Complaints Handling. Poor performance policy. (including whistle blow policy) Patient information and involvement Setting priorities for developing clinical governance: We can use SMART acronym to help us: S specific M measurable A Achievable R relevant T time based. Collect information from all members of the team and from the patients before you make any decisions on how to progress. Complaints investigation. Complaints Methods of dealing with complaints are: Inform your medical indemnity insurer and they will advise you on the best way to deal with it. Managing complaints system within the practice is in place. Member of staff to manage the complaints process is nominated and has this responsibility. Complaints procedure timescale is known to the staff and the dentist. Dentists or the complaints manager should try to meet any patient who complains to attempt to resolve the problem. Details of the complaints procedure should be published in the practice leaflet. Details of the complaints procedure should be displayed on a suitable notice in the waiting area. Complaints manager should seek advice about complaints from medical indemnity provider. Dentist should offer an apology if the situation warrants it. Practice should have a policy for refunding payments if the situation warrants it. Claims The principle of law is: A doctor is not negligent if he has acted in accordance with a practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical men skilled in that particular artà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.a doctor is not negligentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦merely because there is a body of opinion that takes a contrary. If we receive a solicitor letter the principle steps are: Dont panic Do not respond to a solicitors letter directly, send it to your dental defence company and let them reply. Collect together all relevant notes, correspondence, and investigations. Do not deface, alter or destroy any of the notes or other records. Practice manual Infection Control Recording of hepatitis B immunisation status. Audit of policy compliance. Child Protection: Identification and CRB (Criminal Record Bauru) checks for all staff. Child protection policy. Evidence-Based Practice and Research Principles of research governance should be applied where appropriate. The definition of Evidence based practice is an approach to decision making in which the clinician uses the best evidence available, in consultation with the patient, to decide upon the option which suits that patient best. Evidence based practice EBP is helping the clinician to maximize the use of best available evidence. Practice review: Arrangements should be in place for the practice team to develop their own checklist for reviewing the practice. A system should be in place for reviewing the practice risk. A system should be in place for patients to pass suggestions to the practice e.g through a suggestion box. A system should be in place for staff to report near misses. A nominated staff member should be available to identify, implement and co-ordinate any risk reduction procedures in the practice. The environment: The surgery should be thoroughly inspected by a team of staff including one or more of the dentists, the practice manager, a dental nurse and one or more senior receptionists. Record Keeping Quality of records is more important than quantity. The patient record keeping provides all privileged parties with the history and details of patient assessment and communication between dentist and patient, as well as specific treatment recommendations, alternatives, risks, and care provided. The patient record keeping is an important legal document in third party relationships. Poor or inadequate documentation of patient care consistently is reported as a major contributing factor in unfavourable legal judgments against dentists (American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry 2006). An electronic patient record is becoming more commonplace (Atkinson et al 2002, Heid et al 2002). General Charting: Initial patient record: Components of a patient record: Components Medical history This should include systems review which includes cardiac, respiratory, haematological, diabetes, hepatitis, epilepsy, gastrointestinal, and mental impairment. Medications which they are include regular medications, recent medication, and allergies. Medical history should include any history of hospitalization. This includes age and cause of admission, operations, and general anaesthesia. Dental history Past history: e.g. regular or irregular attendee, previous experiences, experience of local anaesthesia, and previous co-operation levels Home care: e.g. oral hygiene habits and dietary habits. Reason for attendance. Clinical assessment Diagnosis Treatment recommendations Progress notes When applicable the patient record should include Radiographic assessment Caries risk assessment Informal consent documentation Orthodontic records Laboratory orders Test results Sedation / general anaesthesia records Referrals record Additional ancillary records. Medical history update: The history should be consulted and updated at each recall visit. Dental history Chief complaint Previous dental experience Date of last dental visit/radiographs Oral hygiene practices Fluoride use/exposure history Dietary habits oral habits Previous orofacial trauma Temporomandibular joint history Social development Family history Comprehensive Clinical Examination: General health assessment Pain assessment Temporomandibular joint assessment Extra oral examination Intra oral examination: this includes soft tissues, periodontal tissues, oral hygiene assessment, occlusion assessment, and caries risk assessment. Radiographic assessment is important to aid the diagnosis of dental caries, to detect bony and dental pathology, and to detect abnormalities in dental development. Examination of a limited nature: Treatment recommendations and informed consent: Progress notes Orthodontic treatment Correspondence, consultations, and ancillary documents Principles of treatment planning: includes management of pain, and long term treatment planning. Caries risk assessment: from this assessment appropriate decisions regarding prevention, restorative care, extractions, and long-term recall protocols can be made. Preventive care: the provision of preventive dental care is possibly the most important aspect of treatment planning for the patient. Restorative care: having established the co-operation of the patient it is important to make realistic decisions concerning restorative care. This involves carefull consideration of the advisability of restoring an individual tooth. Aesthetic consideration: Recall visits: completion of the initial course of treatment is merely the start of a long-term relationship with the patient. Reassessment and recall are essential to the treatment planning process. Ongoing prevention, such as the use of fissure sealants or fluoride supplements, requires monitoring as does general and orofacial growth consideration must be given to the existing caries risk factors and awareness that these may change. Clinical audit It is the method used by health professionals to assess, evaluate, and improve the care of patients in a systematic way, to enhance their health and quality of life, (Irven, 1991). The steps of the audit cycle represented in figure 1 are: Select topic objectives Re-audit Audit Cycle Review standards review literature for criteria Make action plan Set standards Feed back findings Design Audit Analyse data Collect Data Fig. 1: Steps in audit cycle. Select the Topic: Set criteria: Set Standards: Data collection: What information we wish to collect. Define Sample: this can be limited by time, funds, staff skills etc. Data analysis: Feed back the findings Draw up the collection plan: Implementation Re-audit: AUDIT TOPIC Quality of Clinical Record-Keeping Background: Why is this audit worth doing? A permanent, faithful and accurate contemporaneous record is required for the appropriate management of patients by clinical dental teams and may be required for medico-legal and clinical governance reasons. CRITERIA AND STANDARDS All patients records must: A Have clear identifying details. B Be legible. C Be dated and filed chronologically. D Have clinicians signature with his/her printed name and designation. E Have clear history, diagnosis and treatment plan for the patient. F Only use approved abbreviations. G Have cancellation and failure to attend recorded. H Retain the original record if any alterations are made. 100% Compliance with criteria was set as the gold standard for the audit. Assess local practice (DATA COLLECTED) Clear identifying details. (1, 2, 3) 1 means clinical record does not have clear identifying details. 2 means clinical record have moderately (fairly) clear identifying details. 3 means clinical records have very clear identifying details. Be legible means records are not legible means records are fairly legible means records are very legible Be dated and filed chronologically. Means records are not dated and not filed chronologically Means records are not always dated and filed chronologically Means records are always dated and filed chronologically. Have clinicians signature with his/her printed name and designation. Means records do not have clinicians signature or names. Means records some times have clinicians signature and names Means records always have clinicians signature and printed names. Have clear history, diagnosis and treatment plan for the patient. Means clinical records do not have clear history, diagnosis and treatment plan for the patient Means clinical records sometimes have clear history, diagnosis and treatment plan for the patient. Means clinical records always have clear history, diagnosis and treatment plan for the patient. Only use approved abbreviations. Means clinical records do not have approved abbreviations. Means clinical records sometimes have approved abbreviations Means clinical records always have approved abbreviations. Have cancellation and failure to attend recorded. Means clinical records do not have cancellation and failure to attend recorded. Means clinical records sometimes have cancellation and failure to attend recorded. Means clinical records always have cancellation and failure to attend recorded. Retain the original record if any alterations are made. Means clinical records do not retain the original records if any alterations are made. Means clinical records only occasionally retain the original records if any alterations are made. Means clinical records always retain the original records if any alterations are made. Table A B C D E F G H Total 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 6 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 7 8 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 7 9 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 7 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 11 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 8 12 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 8 13 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 7 14 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 6 15 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 16 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 6 17 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 18 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 19 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 20 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 21 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 22 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 23 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 24 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 25 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 26 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 27 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 28 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 29 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 30 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 31 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 32 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 6 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 34 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 6 35 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 36 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 37 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 38 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 39 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 40 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 41 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 42 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 6 43 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 6 44 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 3 6 45 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 46 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 47 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 48 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 49 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 50 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 Total 50 50 50 50 34 33 50 50 32 Data are collected and analysed: 25 clinical records per clinician assessed. Clinician A records was given the numbers from 1 to 25. Clinician B records was given the numbers from 26 to 50. RESULTS (FINDINGS) Compare findings with standards Only 32 out of 50 records met the gold standard 64% of records are meeting the above gold standards. Clinician A has 15 records out of 25 records met the gold standards (60%) Clinician B has 17 records out of 25 records met the gold standards (68%) Change Improvement will be considered and implemented that all records must have clear history, diagnosis and treatment plan for the patients, and only approved abbreviations to be used. Digital input to be considered for all dental records have clear legible printed records. Re-audit annually.

The Power of Spoken Word Poetry Essay -- performing art

Each year, City High School holds a poetry cafà ©. During this event, many young adults have the opportunity to get up and perform for their peers. This past year, a plethora of young adults choose to perform spoken word poetry. Some demonstrated issues that multiple people deal with and others expressing who they truly are within themselves. Spoken word poetry is a necessity to openly discuss the issues that affect today’s youth. Spoken word poetry allows young adults to deal with issues of gang violence. Two young men by the names of Nate Marshall and Demetrius Amparan recite a spoken word poem â€Å"Lost Count: A love story† because of the death of children that occurred in their neighborhood in Chicago that year. The poet’s voice is valued because they experienced firsthand the danger of growing up in the ghetto: â€Å"Though Marshall's mother worried about his long commute to Whitney Young, it was the walk though his own neighborhood that frightened her the most. One day, during his junior year, four thugs jumped him at 115th and Halsted Streets as he was getting off the bus on his way home from school†(Turner â€Å"Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed). With the streets being so dangerous, mothers worry about their kids simply walking to school. The fear of a child being shot in the streets is very real. Statistics from the crime lab at University of Chicago demonstrate this: â€Å"In the year of 2008, 510 people were killed and nearly early half were between the ages of ten to twenty-five and the majority of them being male† (uchicago.edu). . Through the poem Lost count: â€Å"A Love Story†, the two young men are telling a story of each of their classmates while speaking each name of a child that has died. Young adults in ... ... greater. Spoken word poetry shows great truths to the issues young adults experience today. The issues in our world tend to be over whelming. We need a voice and because of spoken word poets, we our provided with a way to. Works cited Turner, Dawn. "Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed." Chicago Tribune. N.p., 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 May 2014. "CRIME LAB." Report: Gun Violence Among School-Age Youth in Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. "The Truth about Children and Divorce." Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. â€Å"Jason Taylor Foundation.† Jason Taylor Foundation. N.P., N.d. web 15 May 2014 Stlieber, Dave. â€Å"The power of spoken word poetry. â€Å"The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post.come, 12 Feb. 2014. Web.15 May 2014 "The Truth about Children and Divorce." Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. The Power of Spoken Word Poetry Essay -- performing art Each year, City High School holds a poetry cafà ©. During this event, many young adults have the opportunity to get up and perform for their peers. This past year, a plethora of young adults choose to perform spoken word poetry. Some demonstrated issues that multiple people deal with and others expressing who they truly are within themselves. Spoken word poetry is a necessity to openly discuss the issues that affect today’s youth. Spoken word poetry allows young adults to deal with issues of gang violence. Two young men by the names of Nate Marshall and Demetrius Amparan recite a spoken word poem â€Å"Lost Count: A love story† because of the death of children that occurred in their neighborhood in Chicago that year. The poet’s voice is valued because they experienced firsthand the danger of growing up in the ghetto: â€Å"Though Marshall's mother worried about his long commute to Whitney Young, it was the walk though his own neighborhood that frightened her the most. One day, during his junior year, four thugs jumped him at 115th and Halsted Streets as he was getting off the bus on his way home from school†(Turner â€Å"Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed). With the streets being so dangerous, mothers worry about their kids simply walking to school. The fear of a child being shot in the streets is very real. Statistics from the crime lab at University of Chicago demonstrate this: â€Å"In the year of 2008, 510 people were killed and nearly early half were between the ages of ten to twenty-five and the majority of them being male† (uchicago.edu). . Through the poem Lost count: â€Å"A Love Story†, the two young men are telling a story of each of their classmates while speaking each name of a child that has died. Young adults in ... ... greater. Spoken word poetry shows great truths to the issues young adults experience today. The issues in our world tend to be over whelming. We need a voice and because of spoken word poets, we our provided with a way to. Works cited Turner, Dawn. "Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed." Chicago Tribune. N.p., 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 May 2014. "CRIME LAB." Report: Gun Violence Among School-Age Youth in Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. "The Truth about Children and Divorce." Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. â€Å"Jason Taylor Foundation.† Jason Taylor Foundation. N.P., N.d. web 15 May 2014 Stlieber, Dave. â€Å"The power of spoken word poetry. â€Å"The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post.come, 12 Feb. 2014. Web.15 May 2014 "The Truth about Children and Divorce." Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014.

In Dickinson’s poetry Essay

The poem ‘A bird came down the walk’ shows how man and nature are interlinked and are unable to escape this permanent connection even though they may sometimes clash and not connect. Lines such as ‘then hopped sidewise to the wall’ show the curtsy and human like behaviour of nature and how nature is inevitably given human qualities. In this poem we are shown the brutal and civilised side of nature, we see that nature is beautiful from a distance however as you get closer and see nature in depth you see the brutality of nature, however even after seeing and showing us the brutality Dickinson still continues to admire nature as something beautiful. Her poem also shows how nature is very free and careless since nature doe not worry about anything, it is also shown to be unforgiving. Themes of nature are also present in ‘I heard a fly buzz’ and ‘because I could not stop for death’ Dickinson shows transcendentalist views in many of her poems. Dickinson shows the clash of mankind by saying ‘he bit an angleworm in halves’ this quote shows how nature can be threatening to mankind since an angleworm is used as bait when fishing and since the bird is eating them it shows that it is disturbing mankind’s techniques of survival. The word ‘bit’ implies human characteristics and highlights a connection between mankind and nature, the word ‘bit’ is associated with eating which shows the inescapable interlink of man and nature. The word ‘angleworm’ is capitalised showing its significance which highlights the birds unthoughtful act. This stanza has a ABCB rhyme scheme which sets the a motion in the stanza. Themes of nature are also highlighted in poem ‘712’ by the lines ‘Gazing Grain’ the word ‘Gazing’ gives nature human characteristics and the capital letter ‘G’ makes nature seem like something important and off great value and this again links to human quality since a persons name is always began with a capital letter. Natures brutality is highlighted in the following line where it says ‘And ate the fellow raw’ this line is quite powerful as it shows that the bird is carefree and is unforgiving, this line shows the freedom in nature since the bird does not hesitate and simply does what it wills. The word ‘And’ at the beginning of the sentence is capitalised to show the significance of the birds act also it may show the speakers dismay or shock at the innocent looking birds act. This line is quite strong as the word ‘raw’ stands out this is associated to something dangerous however it can also be seen as fragile since you may interpret it to be something naked. The word ‘raw’ shows the brutality of nature and that nature has a good and bad side just like mankind who may be evil or good again linking nature to mankind almost like a inescapable cycle. This disturbance is also highlighted in the poem ‘I heard a fly buzz’ where Dickinson mentions ‘stillness’ in one line and in the following line she says ‘heaves of storm’ these lines show the contradictory behaviour of nature it also highlights how quickly nature can change its path from something peaceful and beautiful to something brutal and disturbing, which is linked to mankind since mankind also changes paths very easily from good to evil or vice versa showing the link between mankind and nature. The word ‘stillness’ associates to death or peace which shows the calm and relaxed side of nature and how it can be in favour to mankind, however the word ‘storm’ associates to destruction or disaster which represents its brutality and how it can be harmful to mankind. Dickinson also highlights how mankind can disturb nature in their natural performance in the line ‘He stirred his Velvet Head’ this shows the bird being disturbed as he has now became cautious someone is around him or is watching him this may also reflect that he may feel his privacy is being invaded which again gives the bird human qualities. The word ‘Velvet Head’ shows connotations of something regal and royal and also highlights a feminine side to the bird, this shows the connection of mankind and nature since the bird is well groomed and words such as velvet may represent some type of clothing which suggest the bird is dressed giving him human quality and characteristics showing the link between nature and mankind. The word ‘Velvet’ also highlights sexual connotations as you interpret it to be something quite sexy or soft and feminine, further down in the poem the word ‘seam’ is used also showing something sexual as a seam is usually referred to in context to clothes. The capitalisation of the ‘Velvet Head’ again gives the bird importance and shows a status for him. In stanza three Dickinson uses words such as ‘rapid’, ‘hurried’ and ‘frightened’ this shows a change in pace in the poem as the poem was running fairly smoothly and then these words create tension and make the tone more panicked this shows the human like nature of the bird since he is given human characteristics and shows that the bird is frightened of the speaker. The theme of disturbance is shown in the poem ‘I heard a fly buzz’ since throughout the poem we are being shown how nature is disturbing the death of the speaker, the speaker says ‘there interposed a fly-‘ which shows the disturbance the fly is causing to mankind since the speakers death is being interrupted. The word ‘interposed’ associates to annoyance or distraction showing that the fly is ever present and it is not prepared to leave showing the presence of nature around mankind all the time and vice versa. The dash at the end of this line suggests that the sentence is unfinished and is maybe going to carry on, also shows the speakers attitude as maybe annoyed and not pleased. Dickinson highlights the arrogance of the bird showing the line ‘And he unrolled his feathers’ this is representative of the birds ignorance to what its done, it shows that the bird has naturally carried out a act of †killing† and simply flown away, this line may also be interpreted as the bird having to move on in his life and how the bird has no set place and is on a constant journey. The word unrolled highlights a sort of arrogance in the birds body language, since the word ‘unrolled’ is quite soft and nai ve suggesting he does not understand the significance of his actions and doesn’t realise his mistake, this shows the clash between man and nature since Dickinson is suggesting here that the bird has no morals and this is a natural act for him, whereas mankind would be very cautious and careful of their actions and would most of the time realise there mistake. In this line there is no significant punctuation used. The poem highlights her attempt to get to nature and get to understand nature however the bird does not let her. Dickinson may represent nature as god or something more powerful then mankind and she may be implying that she is trying to understand god or this force however it is so powerful that she is failing. Themes of god being represented in nature are also hinted in poem 465 in which Dickinson says ‘And then the windows failed’ this line implies that the barrier which was interfering in Dickinson death has failed. In this poem the fly may be interpreted as Satan as it is disturbing a command given by god, puritan values are also shown here as the fly fails to interrupt and death is successful showing that god holds the power. This shows how nature and mankind are interlinked since they can not escape each others realms. Overall Dickinson repeatedly shows the connection between mankind and nature as inescapable, she repeatedly shows how powerful nature is and how nature and mankind effect each other; ‘Like one in danger, cautious,’ this shows the reader that Dickinson values nature and gives nature the same respect as she would to mankind we know this since Dickinson constantly gives nature human values and qualities. Dickinson clearly highlights her importance for nature by linking it to god and linking it to mankind, showing her transcendentalist views.

Japan Culture Essay

Japan, officially Nippon, a country off the east coast of Asia. It consists of four large islands- Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku- and more than 3,300 smaller ones, including the Ryukyu chain (Gluck et. al, 1987). Japan lost some of its possessions as a result of World War II. These included the southern part of the island of Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan. II. Discussions A. Culture Japanese culture is partly of Chinese origin and partly indigenous, for the Japanese adapted and did not merely imitate the culture of the mainland. Since the middle of the 19th century, Japan has been influenced more by the culture of Western countries than by that of its neighbors. Adoption of many Western ways produced sharp contrasts between the new and the old. Buildings and clothing, for example, are now seen in both traditional and Western styles. Among forces that have helped to mold the Japanese character are Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian religious beliefs, the effects of a long feudal period, and the influences of Japanese industrial revolution. With industrialization came a change from rural to urban living. American influences have been particularly string since World War II (Hall et. al, 1987). B. The Arts Japanese arts have been strongly influenced by Chinese art. From the mainland came the technique of ink painting on silk and the Buddhist influences in sculpture and painting. A landscape school developed from Zen Buddhism after the 13th century. Japanese prints of the 17th and 18th century had a profound effect in Western art. Distinctive contributions have also been made in architecture. Traditional arts also include landscape gardening; bonsai; the cultivation of dwarf trees; ikebana, flower arranging; ceramics; and origami, paper folding (Beasley, 1987). Flourishing throughout Japan are no, classical plays in which the actors wear masks depicting their character; Bunraku, puppet plays; and kabuki, drama with stylized chanting and dancing. An important part of Japanese culture is the tea ceremony, a highly formal ritual, of which there are many variations (Morton, 1984). As a way of entertaining guests, it is regarded as the best expression of traditional etiquette. Some of the traditional arts- especially classical Japanese music and dance and the tea ceremony- are part of the repertoire of geisha, a female entertainers who perform for groups of men. C. Family and Home In Japan the family is a traditional and strong institution. It has a formal structure with authority vested in the male head of the family. The wife is expected to be subservient. Children learn discipline and their respective roles in the family at an early age. Sons are given preference over daughters, and the eldest son is superior to all others. However, many of the repressive aspects of the family, such as that of parents determining marriages, have weakened since World War II (Morton, 1984). Japanese homes are noted for their simplicity. Nearly all are built of wood. On many homes, paper- covered wooden frames, called shoji, are used for windows and doors. Being light and easily moved, they allow much of the house to be opened to the out-of- doors. Some homes are adjoined by landscaped gardens. Rooms are usually having thick straw mats, called tatami, on the floor and very little furniture. D. Language and Religion The Japanese language is unrelated to other Oriental tongues. However, it is written in characters that originally were adapted from Chinese writing. The Japanese constitution of 1946 provides freedom of religion and separation of church and state. The two major religions are Shinto and Buddhism. Many Japanese adhere, in varying degrees, to both. Confucianism, though not a religion in the Western sense, has had considerable influence on Japanese personal and social relationships. There are some 1,350,000 Christians, of whom about 30 percent are Roman Catholics and about 70 percent are Protestants (Morton, 1984). E. Food and Clothing The Japanese clothing includes the Uchikake, Kimono, Nagajugan, Yukata, Michiyuki, Hakama, Shiro-maku, Haori, and the Accessories like Obi, Shoes, Socks and the like. The Japanese foods includes the Wasabi or the Japanese Horseradish, Donburi which is a bowl of cooked rice, Yakitori or a grilled chicken, Gomaae which is a sesame dressing, Udon or thick Japanese noodles, Gyoza is like dumpling, Tempura which is a deep fry sea –food and vegetables, Korokke is made of potato, Sushi most famous dish outside Japan, Mushrooms or kinoko in Japanese, Soba a native Japanese noodle, Nikujaga composed of the meat and potatoes, Seaweed or kaiso, Ramen a noodle dish. Sashimi which is a raw seafood, Rice which is Japan’s important crop, Okonomiyaki is a combination of a pizza and a pancake; and Soya Bean with the soya sauce or shoyu (Christopher, 1983). F. Politics Japan’s form of government is Constitutional Monarchy. The emperor is the head of the state. Although it is Monarchy, still it is very limited because it is based on the Constitution. Prime minister serves as the President of the government of Japan. The Diet is their body of legislatives, where it is composed of the Representatives elected by the people. Their right of suffrage starts at 20 years old (Morton, 1984). G. Religious Beliefs There are three major religions in Japan and these are Shinto, Buddhism and Christianity. Japanese have these rituals that they are earnestly following. The kami which means a diety, is their god. The kami are of variety forms like those that lived in stobes, hills, and other parts of the environment; those that serves as a protector god; and the diety of the rice wagon (Christopher, 1983). Kami is worshipped at the fields of rice where in they also had their feasts. Shinto focus only on the kami. Buddhism also reached Japan which was then from India. Developments like the rising of commoners, zazen or the meditation, koan or the irrational riddles and the enlightenment which is the satori. The Japanese also believed in kamikaze which is the divine wind, the hara-kiri or the suicide where it is rarely practiced now in Japan, where the Japanese commits suicide whenever they fail from any business they establishes (Christopher, 1983). H. Economics Japan is one of the world’s leading industrial nations, ranking behind only the United States and the Soviet Union. During the 1960’s and early 1970’s, Japan’s gross national product or the GNP grew at the phenomenal average rate of about 11 percent a year- more than twice that of the United States (Packard, 1987). The worst postwar slump came in the mid- 1970’s, when worldwide recession brought high levels of unemployment and inflation and a sharp decline in economic growth. Most of Japan’s postwar economic growth has been due to keen corporate management, a well- educated, industrious labor force, high levels of savings and investment, intensive promotions of industrial development, and vigorous foreign trade. Government has also been a decisive factor. Its influence is powerful and widespread, though exercised mainly though informal, cooperative arrangements with business. Giant conglomerates, many of which are interlocked in manufacturing, finance, and trade, are of prime importance in the economy. Coexisting with them are many small and medium- sized firms. Government ownership of industry and business is negligible, limited mainly to transportation and communication services. There has been little foreign investment in Japan because of numerous governmental restrictions (Gluck et. al, 1987).